In October 2010, the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-COP 10) was held in Nagoya, Japan from 18 to 29 October 2010.

The key themes addressed at COP10 were: forest conservation, the designation and financing of protected areas, conservation of plant and animal, genetic diversity in agriculture, the development of an access and benefit-sharing system, and the missed target of substantially reducing the loss of biodiversity worldwide by 2010.

The two most important outcomes are the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing and the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

Japan also hosted the 5th Meeting of the Parties (MOP 5) to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety from 11 to 15 October 2010.